7 Ekim 2012 Pazar

ermenice türkik karşılaştırma


Armenian / Turkic Correspondences

Provided for consideration. Most of these more or less regular correspondences seem to be Nostratic, though some of them may be just coincidental.

(Published in 2008, minor corrections 03/2012).

 
Modern
and Old
Armenian
Proto-Turkic
(based
on the material
on the right)
Chuvash"mainstream Turkic":
Old Turkic, (Old) Uyghur, Kirghiz, Tatar, the Oghuz subgroup, etc
West YughurSalarYakut
(Sakha)
(shown in bold due to its significance
for the reconstrcution of proto-Turkic)
KhakasTuvan
(1) The Anlaut correspondences

-m- : -m-
I (my) 'my' < /mi/ (methathesis) Also cf. OArm. /me-k'/ 'we', where /-k'/ is a plural suffix. *me*mene-bê, e-bOT ben, Uyghur mänmenme:(n)minminmen
notOArm (imperative)*-ma-maOT -mV, Uyghur -ma-mï--mï-mV-mV-mV

p- : m-
horn*moyüRmây-ragaOT müngüz, OU müyüz, Uygur ngüz, Kirghiz müyüz, Tatar mügüzmongïsmo:ngïsmuosmü:zmïyïû
neck, *moyunmâyOT boyun, Uyghur bûyin, Noghay moyïn, Tatar muyïn, Kirghiz moyunmoenboynïmoymoyïnmoyun

m- : P/B- [/P/ in Proto-Turkic was apparently pronounced halfway between /b/ and /p/]
weMA. , OA.
*BiR, *miRe-birOT biz, Uyghur biz, Kirghiz miz, Kazakh biz, Tatar bezmïspiserbihigipesbis
ice 'freeze' *BuR, *muRpârUyghur muz, Kirghiz miz, Kazakh muz, Tatar bozpïzmuzmu:s, bu:spus 
oneOA ,
*Pire, mirêpêrreOT bir, Uyghur birbïrbïrbi:rperbir(ee)
cloud, , 'fog'; 'cloud'*Pïlït, *mïlïtpêlêtOT bulut, Uyghur bulut, Kirghiz bulutbïlïtbu(:)lïtbïlïtpulutbulut
bodyOA *Pot, *motüt-püOT bod, Kirghiz boypozboy- posbot
bigOA, MA *PeDïq, *meDiqpïzhâkOT beDük, Uyghur büyük, Kirghiz bijikbezïk  pözïkbedik
storm
/mêrri-k/
*Pura-n Uyghur boran, Kirghiz boroon, Tatar buran  buura-a  
finger*Parna
"finger, thumb"
pürneUyghur barmaq, Uighur barmaq, Kirghiz barmaq, Tatar barmaq parmax   

b- : P/B-
all
; OA 'many'; 'all'*Pütün "all, whole"
*Parï
"everything"
pôdôm OT bütün, Uyghur hämmä, Kirghiz büt, ba:rï Tatar böten, barï  bütün;
barïta
praybügü
to give;
to bear
'carry', cf. Eng. "to bear"*Per-"to give" paOT ber-, Kirghiz ber-, Tatar bir-, Turkish ver- ber-be(r)-, ve(r)-bierpir-ber-
garden < */barted/*BaqchapahchaUyghur baghche,
Kirghiz
bakcha
Tatar baqcha
    Altay maala
noseMA, OA 'mouth'*BurunOT burun, Uyghur burun, Kirghiz murun, Kazakh murïn purnïmurunpurunburun
eagle 'falcon'*PïrkïtpêrkêtUyghur bürküt, Kirghiz bürküt, Tatar bürkit    bürgüt
owl*Sa-Bala- Uyghur yapilaq, Uzbek boyo’g’li, Turkmen baygus
Tatar yabalaq, Kirghiz zhapalaq
   cha-baxulax
bud (of plant)*Pür OU bür, Tatar börchek; Kirghiz bür
Kazakh
bür, bürshik
   pür, pürchükbürü;
Altay bür, bürchük

k- : q-
woman, girl

'woman, wife'
*qïr 'girl' xêr OT qïz, Uyghur qiz, qïzqïz
kï:zxïsqïs
short*kïskaxêzêk, kêskêOT qïsqa, Uyghur qisqa
GïsGaqïsGakïlgasxïsxakïska
dry*qurGa
OT quruG, Uyghur quruq, qurGaq,
Kirghiz kurgak,
Tatar korï
quruqGuru, Gurïkura:naqxuruGqurgak
birch < **qaDïnxurânUyghur qeyïn, Kirghyz qayïng, Noghay qayïn  xatïnxazïnxaDïn
goose 'swan'*qaRxur, xorOU qaz, Uyghur Gaz, Tatar qaz  xa:sxasqas
(wild goose) swan*quw OT quGu, OU quGu, Kirghiz qu:, Kazakh quw  kuba (pale)xu:qu:
(animal)
hair
'fur' *qïlxêlêxOT qïl, Uyghur qil, Kirghiz kïl, Tatar kïl  kïlxïlxïl
bark
(of a tree)
;
/ketev/
*qatïr,
*qaba
xobâ, xup, xuyârOU qadïz, qaz; qavïq
Uyghur qovzaq, Kirghiz kabïk, qïrtïsh
Tatar kabïk, qayrï
kazdïkGoxqatïr-ïkxaxpas,
xastïrix
qazïrïk "scales" ; xavïq; qïrtish
beaver
/kuLb/
*qunduRxântârOU qunduz, Uyghur qunduz, Kirghiz qunduz, Tatar qundïz, Bashkir qondoD    qundus

g- : k-
come
<ga–l>*kel-kil-OT kel-, Kirghiz kel-kel-gel-,
gey-
kel-kil-kel-
night<gishe:r>*keche kas' OU keche, Uzbekh kecha, Kirghiz kechkichegäzhi
kiehekizhe "yesterday"kezhe:
'evening'
wolf<gayl>*qar >
*qaL-qar
(reduplicated)
kashkârKirghiz qarïshkïr, Kazakh qasqïr, Tatar kachkïr, qarshqur    kokay
feather /gêrchac-/*kuwïr-SungtôkOT yüg, Kirghiz zhün, Noghay kushin, Kazakh kawïrsïn, Turkish kushtüyü, Tatar yonyüg kuorsunchügchüg

s- : S- [/S/ was an unknown highly palatalized alveolar affricate in Proto-Turkic]
heartMA, OA <sirt>*SürechêreOT yürek, Uyghur yüräk, Turkmen yürek, Kirghiz zhürök, Kazakh zhürek,
Oyrat d'ürek
yörekgö:yngïsürexchürakchürek
leaf<saLart'>; *SalBïrdas'olz'âOT yapurGaq, OU yalpïrmaq, yalpïrGaq, Uyghur yopurmaq, Kirghiz zhalbïraq, Kazakh zhapïraq, Oyrat d'albïraqlahpzhïq < Mong. yärfïx, yarfaxsebirdexpürrü
lie /sudel/ 'lie';
'lay'
*Sat- OT yat-, Uyghur yat-, Kirghiz zh'at-, Kazakh zhat, Oyrat d'atyat-yaht-sït-chat-chï't-

dz- : S-
egg /dzêvêr/, /dzu/*Sumurt-Gas'ômardaOT yumurtGa,
Turkmen
yumutGa, Kirghiz zhumurtka, Oyrat d'ïmïrtqa,
Tatar
yumïrqa
yomutmü(r)ddamï:tmïrxa
chu:rga
road<dze:l> 'way'*Sols'olOT yol, Uyghur yol, Kirghiz zhol, Oyrat d'olyolyolsuolcholoruk,
chol "fate"
sheatfish; (large) fish /dzêkan/, <dzowk> /dyuk, zook, dzuk/ 'fish
(in general)'
*Sayïn"sheatfish"s'uyân,
s'oyân, s'oin
Kirgizh zhayin, Tatar zhäyïn, Turkmen yayïn, Turkish yayïn (salmon)     

ch- : S-
fat < *charp*Saw > *SaGs'u, s'ôvOT yaG, Uyghur yaG, Kirghiz zhu-n "thick", Oyrat d'u:yaGyaGsïachaGchaG
"lard"
eat 'dinner'*Si-s'i-ye-, Uyghur yä, Kirghiz zh'e, Oyrat d'ayi-yï-sie-che-chi-
bat *Sara-qanats'ara s'erz'iKirghiz zharGanat, Tatar yarqanat, Noghay yarGanat, Oyrat d'arganat yeresensarï:qïnatcharxanatcha:sxï
J- : S- [Proto-Turkic */S/ or */y/ was highly palatalized, and apparently similar in pronunciation to / in Latin American Spanish]
warm<Je:r-m> 'hot, warm';
<Jerr-oc'> 'oven'
*Sï OT yïlïg, Uzbek il-man, Turkmen yïlï, Kirghiz zhïluu, Oyrat d'ïluilïGyilisïla:schïlïGchïlïg
young *SaL Uyghur yash, Kirghiz zh'ash, Oyrat d'ashyasyash(eder)chashchash
trees, wood 'brushwood'*SiwaSyïvâshOU ïGach, Uyghur yaGach, Kirghiz zhigach, Tatar agach, Oyrat aGashyiGashaGach aGasïyash
d- : s- [Armenian /dz/ is pronounced as a slightly affricated /d/. Originally, the difference was probably allophonic]
thou
(you)
'you' (sg); 'you' (pl); /dyer/ 'your' (pl)*sene-zêOT sen, Uyghur sän, Kirghiz sen, Oyrat sensense:(n)ensinsen
yellow
*sarïsorâ
"white"
OT sarïG, Uyghur seriq, Kirghiz sarï, Oyrat sarïsarïGsa(:)rïaraGas, Dolgan arïsarïGsarïG
s- : s-

cold
rnê
>*sewe sivê OT soGuq,
Uyghur soGäk,
Uzbek sovuq, Kirghiz su:k, Kazakh suwïk, Tatar sïwïk, Oyrat so:qsoqsox so:xso:k garlic *sarymsa Uyghur samsaq, Kirghiz, Kazakz sarymsaqsamsaqsamsax    onion*soGansuxanOU soGun, Uyghur soGan, Kirghiz soGan, Tatar suGan soGän  soGunaq nightin-gale*sanduGach MU sanduwach, Kazakh sanduGash    Altay sandïgash "little bird" hawk, *sar Uyghur sar, Tartar sarïcha, Kirghiz sar, sarï Bashkir har sar sar, sartsarsarï co- , ca- : *t- knee /tsunk/;
OA
*tirchêr-pus's'iOT tiz, Uyghur tiz, Kirghiz tizedïztüzy, tizytühektezäkdiskek sea *tenGertinêsUyghur dengiz, Kirghiz deGiz, Tatar dingez    dalay < Mong. tree (lone) 'tree'*tere
"elm-tree" târâh (elm)Uyghur terek (elm)
Kirghiz tirek, terek (elm, tree), Noghay terek (tree)terek (tree)da:l tirek (elm)terek (elm); Altay terek (elm) frozen, cold /ts'urt/ 'cold'*tontuvom 'frost'Turkish don, Uyghur ton, Kirghiz ton, tot tot tïmnï: "cold", ton "freeze"to:r  earth *topratôpraOT topraq, Uyghur topa durvaqto:rïxbuortobïra
c- : ch- flower*checheks'es'keOU chechäk, Uyghur chechäk, Kyrghiz chechek, Tatar chächäk chichex  chechek ch-, ch'- : Ti- Originally, the difference between /ch/ and /ch'/ was probably allophonic, with the phonemic difference forming much later] claw*tïrnachêrneOT tïrngaq, Uyghur tirnaq, Kirghiz tïrmak Tatar tïrnakdarmaqzhïrna(:)xngïraqtïrGaxdïrgak smoke*tüdüntödömOT tütün, Kirghiz tütün, Tatar töten ïscücïnburuotüdünïsh fourMA
OA
*tïwïrttâvatOT tört, Uyghur tört, Kirghiz törtdiortdiottüörttörtdört
le- : T-, t- [The difference between /T/ and /t/ in Proto-Turkic may have been allophonic] tongue
/lezu/
*tïlge > *tïlchêlGe OT tïl, Uyghur til, Kirghiz tildïlciltïlteldïl mountain; *taw, taGtuOT taG, Uyghur taG, Kirghiz too, Tatar tawtaGdaGqayataGdag round*tegers'avraOT yumGaq, Uyghur yumlaq, Kirghiz tegerek doGïrgulïlüxtögerektoGïlaxtögerik full /lêc'êv-/*tolï-tolliOT tolu, Uyghur tolGan, Kirghiz tolturatolïdoli(:)tolorutoldïradolu l- : -0 lynx /lusan/*üs Turkish üshek  ü:süsüs moon /lusin/ *ayoyâx OT ay, Uyghur ayayayïyayay hear /lêse-l/*eLit-ilt-OT eshit-, Uyghur angla-, Khirghiz uk-, Noghai esit-, Tatar ishet-angna-ishti-ihit-ist-dïngna- h : x ear *xulgaxôlgaOT qulqaq, Uyghur qulaq, Kirghiz kulakkurgakGulaxkulga:qxulaxkulak
The loss of the word-initial /q/, /S/ before /a/, /o/ in Proto-Armenian (h)a : q- [Note that /q/ > /x/ in Khakas and Chuvash, indicating the possibility of loss. Hence, the loss in Proto-Armenian] worm*qort xortOT qurt, Uyghur qurut, Kirghiz kurt, Tatar qurtqurahGe üön;
kurzhaGa (bugs)
xurtkurt, qurt who, OArm. , *qamkamOT kim, Kirghiz kimkïmkämkimkemkïm sun (daylight) 'sun'*quwelxôvelOT kün(es), Uyghur quyash, Kirghiz kün, Tatar koyashkungünkünxünkün sand*qäma-xâyârOT qum, Uyghur qum, Kirghiz kum Gumkumaqkumkum ant < **qämärsGas OU qumursGa, Kirghiz qumursqa, Tatar qïrmïsqa  kïmïrdaGasxumusxaqïmïsqayaq hawk, eagle 'eagle'*qartï-Gaxurchqa
"hawk"MU qartal, Kirghiz qartïGa, Gagauz qartal, Turkish qartalqaltar kï:rt, xarda:chïxartïgaxartïga, Alt qartachag
(h)a- : S- [Note that /h/ is in Armenian is often unstable, cf /und/: /hund/ (grain), both forms are present in modern Armenian] nut < **SanGa OT yaGaq, Uyghur zhangGak, Kirghiz zhangGak, Kazakh zhangGaq      snake*Sïlans'êlen, s'ölenOT yïlan, Uyghur ilan, Kirghiz zhïlan, Tatar yïlanyilanyilïnerien üonchïlanchïlan wind*Sïels'ilOT yel, Uyghur shamal, Kirghiz zhelyelyeltïalchilsalgïn earth (soil) 'soil';
, 'floor'*SersherOT yer, Uzbek yär, Kirghiz zheryeryersir chircher mild, soft*Sawal OU yobash, Uyghur yavash, Tatar yuwash, Kirghiz zho:sh   chabashcha:sh leopard, panther 'panther'*Solbars OU yolbars, Uyghur yolbars, Tatar yulbarïs, Kirghiz zholbars, Kazakh zholbarïs      (2) The Auslaut correspondences -r : -r (-rV) [The second syllable /r/ and /rr/ are very well-preserved] man
OArm
< */är/
*ererOT er, Uyghur är
erener, ärke:xerirer heartr t>*SïrechäreOT yürek, Uyghur yüräk,yörekgö:yngïsüreqchürakchürek fourr s>*tïörttâvatOT tört, Uyghur tört, Kirghiz törtdiortdiottüörttörtdört wormr d> *qort > *qurdxortOT qurt, Uyghur qurut, Kirghiz kurt, Tatar qurtqurahGe üön;
kurzhaGa (bugs)
xurtkurt, qurt farrk ar> 'long'*ura:q, *urunvârâm
"long" OT yïraq, Uzbek uzaq, Kirghiz ïraak, Tatar yïrak, Bashkir yïrakozaquzïxïra:qïrakuzak featherrch 'ac-air>*guwïrSungtôkOT yüg, Kirghiz zhün, Noghay kushin, Kazakh kawïrsïn, Tatar yonyükuorsunchügchüg
-rr- : -r- [The strong /rr/ must have been in allophonic distribution with the weak /r/ in Proto-Armenian.] lionrr yuc>,
OArm *arslanuslamOU arslan, Kirghiz arstan, Tatar arslan, Kazakh arïstan    arzïlan corerr anc'-k'>r, ör-ekvarOT öz, Uyghur öz Kirghiz özök, Tatar üzäk  özek  özek stormrr ik>*buran Uyghur boran, Kirghiz boroon, Tatar buran  bu:rGa   treerr >*teretârâh (elm)Uyghur terek (elm)
Kirghiz tirek, terek (elm, tree), Noghay terek (tree)terek (tree)  tirek (elm)terek (elm); Altay terek (elm) longrr ow> 'far' < */erru/ *urunvôrômuzunuzunuzïnuhunuzunuzun
-r : -S, -s [The law of spirantization in Proto-Turkic akin to "the law of rhotacism in Chuvash"] two:rk ow>*iSkïikkêOT iki, Uyghur ikki, Kirghiz ekishigyishkïikkiiki iyi threer e:k'> < *ere Svis'OT üch, Uyghur üchushuyüsüsüsh shortrch > *qïsqakêskêOT qïsqa, Uyghur qisqa
GïsGaqïsGakïlgasxïsxakïska burn (tr.), < */arrel/ *ört-
virtOT ört-, Kirghiz ört-  örtörta-örtet- sonOA. *ovel, *ortusôvêlOT oGul, uru, Kirghiz u:l; urum "descendants"oGul uol;
urtu:s "boy"o:lo:l
-L : -l [Armenain /L/ is normally pronounced as velar or uvular /G/, but is thought to be pronounced as palatalized /ll/ in the past] (animal)hairL-m > 'fur'*qïl (of animal) xêlêxOT qïl, Uyghur qil, Kirghiz kïl, Tatar kïl  qïlxïlxïl windL -m>*Sïels'ilOT yel, Uyghur shamal, Kirghiz zhelyelyeltïalchilsalgïn leaf<saLart'>*Salbürdas'olz'âOT yapurGaq, OU yalpïrmaq, yalpïrGaq, Uyghur yopurmaq, Kirghiz zhalbïraqlahpzhïqyärfïx, yarfaxsebirdeqpürrü roe deerL nik> (deer) L-Je:ru>*eli OU älik, Kirghiz elik  elikilikelik
-n : -r [The law of an /n-/ > /r-/ transition in early Proto-Turkic] kneenk > /tsunk/;
OArm nr> /tsunr/;
Cf. PIE */geneu/*rgu-chêrgus's'iOT tiz, Uyghur tiz, Kirghiz tizedïztüzy, tizytobuktezäkdiskek woman
n > 'woman, wife'
Cf. PIE */gwena:/*qïr 'girl'; *kelin "bride"
xêr,

OT qïz, Uyghur qïz, Kyrghiz qïz; Uzbek xotïn Tatar xatïn, 'woman'
OU kelin, Turkmen gelin 'bride'
qïz
kelin
qïz,
kein, kiin
kï:sh
xïs,
kilônqïz,
kelin 'bride
' wen- k'> < *'I' [ -k' is OArm. plural]
*Bir
<
*men 'I'ebirOT biz, Uyghur biz, Kirghiz miz mïspiserbihigipesbis sparrow
/chênchêLuk/
*SerSes'ers'i  sicha, sezhe    forestn tarr>*arï-,
*ar-manvarmânOT aryG
Uyghur
orman, Tatar urman 
arïarïgarïg seednd >,
'grain';
nd> 'grain, seed' *uru, *urun vôrô (seed);
vôrlôx (genus)
OT uruG, Uyghur uruq, Khirghiz ürön, Noghai urlïk, Tatar orlïk urïGar (relatives, kin); urlux (grain)
ashlïx (seed)
uru (relatives, kin);
sieme (seed)
üränüre, uruG
-z- : -rk-, -lg- (?) [Only two cases found for this type of transition, so far.] tonguez ow> /lezu/
*tïlge > *tïlchêlGe OT tïl, Uyghur til, Kirghiz tildïlciltïlteldïl eaglez e> 'falcon'*BïrkïtpêrkêtUyghur bürküt, Kirghiz bürküt, Tatar bürkit    bürgüt
-t : -D- , -t [In some cases, /t/ seems to be almost normally reflected in both language groups] grass*otvutâ "wood" OU ot, Kirghiz ot, Tatar ut  ototo't foot
OArm.
*oDaoraOT aDak, Uyghur ayakazaqaya:xataqazax
but; davan
drink 'eat'*iS-ês'ïch-, Uyghur ich-ïshtis-is-es-
ish-
birchch i> < **qanxurânUyghur qeyïn, Kirghyz qayïng, Noghay qayïn, Turkish kayïn  xatïnxazïn
xadïn

-r : -D/-t [In other cases, /t/ > /r/ in Proto-Armenian] fire;
r
> 'flame' < */or/*wot > *o:tvotOT ot, Turkmen o:totohtuotot
ot
fatherr > < * Cf. 'fathers' *ataatteUyghur ata, Kirghiz ataata  ada
ada
horser i-var>*atutUyghur at, Kirghiz at   at  bearrJ >
Cf. Latin ursa *a OU aDïG, Uyghur eyiq, Kirghiz ayu:, Tatar ayu, Noghay ayuw, Turkish ayï atix azïG
adïg

-n- : -t [Yet, in some other cases /n/ > /t/ in either of the language groups. These correspondences are not well-attested, nevertheless listed here as plausible] namen own> /anun/ *a:tyatOT at, Uyghur at a:ta:tat
at
cattlen a-sown> /anasun/*ut       lien -el> 'lay'*Sït-vïrt-OT yat-, Uyghur yat-, Kirghiz zhat- yaht-sït-chat-
chï't-

The first syllable metathesis in Proto-Armenian [A compensation process due to the freqent loss of word-initial /s/, /k/ before /a/ and /o/] root < * *tamïrtïmârKirghiz tamïr, Uzbek tomir, Tatar tamïrtamïr (vein) tamur (vein)tïmïr (vein) tamïr
damïr
lark < **turGaytôriUyghur torGay, Uzbek turGay, Kirghiz torgoy, Tatar turgay   pos-tarGay salt < * < *????*tawr tovarOT tuz, Uyghur tuz, Kirghiz tuzduzduztuustus
dus
fox < * *tilgïtilêOU tilkü,Uyghur tülke, Kirghiz tülkü, Tatar tölki


tülgü
dilgi
star < */asrter/ < */sarter/ Cf. dial. /ard/ where /s-/ was lost. Cf. Latin stella*Suldurs'ôldôrOT yultuz, yultuzyuldïsyïldussuluschïltïs
sïldïs
tooth < * (/nd/ is regular for /r/)*telshalOT tïsh, Uyghur chis, Kirghiz tishdishcishtiistes
dish
stone,
rock
'rock' < */taarr-azh/*talcholOT tash, Uyghur tash, Kirghiz tashdasdashtastas
dash
ear < */kaarJ/ (/-n/ is regular for /-r/)*qulgaxôlgaOT qulqaq, Uyghur qulaq, Kirghiz kulakkurgakGulaxkulga:qxulax
kulak
crow < *garrav
Cf. Latin corvus
*qarGa < *qaraGa 'the black one'korak 'rook'OU qarGa Uyghur qarGa, Tatar qarGa, Turkish karga   xarGa
qarGan;
Altay
qarGa
bone < *sokor*songos'ômôOT süngük Kirghiz söök, Tatar söjäksïmïkse:nixunguoqsö:k
söök



2008 (c)




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